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- addresses(5) addresses(5)
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- NNAAMMEE
- addresses - formats for Internet mail addresses
-
- IINNTTRROODDUUCCTTIIOONN
- A mmaaiill aaddddrreessss is a string of characters containing @.
-
- Every mail address has a llooccaall ppaarrtt and a ddoommaaiinn ppaarrtt.
- The domain part is everything after the final @. The
- local part is everything before.
-
- For example, the mail addresses
-
- God@heaven.af.mil
- @heaven.af.mil
- @at@@heaven.af.mil
-
- all have domain part hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill. The local parts are
- GGoodd, empty, and @@aatt@@.
-
- Some domains have owners. It is up to the owner of
- hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill to say how mail messages will be delivered
- to addresses with domain part hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill.
-
- The domain part of an address is interpreted without
- regard to case, so
-
- God@heaven.af.mil
- God@HEAVEN.AF.MIL
- God@Heaven.AF.Mil
-
- all refer to the same domain.
-
- There is one exceptional address that does not contain an
- @: namely, the empty string. The empty string cannot be
- used as a recipient address. It can be used as a sender
- address so that the real sender doesn't receive bounces.
-
- QQMMAAIILL EEXXTTEENNSSIIOONNSS
- The qqmmaaiill system allows several further types of addresses
- in mail envelopes.
-
- First, an envelope recipient address without an @ is
- interpreted as being at _e_n_v_n_o_a_t_h_o_s_t. For example, if
- _e_n_v_n_o_a_t_h_o_s_t is hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill, the address GGoodd will be
- rewritten as GGoodd@@hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill.
-
- Second, the address ##@@[[]] is used as an envelope sender
- address for double bounces.
-
- Third, envelope sender addresses of the form _p_r_e@@_h_o_s_t--@@[[]]
- are used to support variable envelope return paths
- (VERPs). qqmmaaiill--sseenndd will rewrite _p_r_e@@_h_o_s_t--@@[[]] as _p_r_e_r_e_-
- _c_i_p==_d_o_m_a_i_n@@_h_o_s_t for deliveries to _r_e_c_i_p@@_d_o_m_a_i_n. Bounces
- directly from qqmmaaiill--sseenndd will come back to _p_r_e@@_h_o_s_t.
-
-
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- addresses(5) addresses(5)
-
-
- CCHHOOOOSSIINNGG MMAAIILL AADDDDRREESSSSEESS
- Here are some suggestions on choosing mail addresses for
- the Internet.
-
- Do not use non-ASCII characters. Under RFC 822 and RFC
- 821, these characters cannot be used in mail headers or in
- SMTP commands. In practice, they are regularly corrupted.
-
- Do not use ASCII control characters. NUL is regularly
- corrupted. CR and LF cannot be used in some combinations
- and are corrupted in all. None of these characters are
- usable on business cards.
-
- Avoid spaces and the characters
-
- \"<>()[],;:
-
- These all require quoting in mail headers and in SMTP.
- Many existing mail programs do not handle quoting prop-
- erly.
-
- Do not use @ in a local part. @ requires quoting in mail
- headers and in SMTP. Many programs incorrectly look for
- the first @, rather than the last @, to find the domain
- part of an address.
-
- In a local part, do not use two consecutive dots, a dot at
- the beginning, or a dot at the end. Any of these would
- require quoting in mail headers.
-
- Do not use an empty local part; it cannot appear in SMTP
- commands.
-
- Avoid local parts longer than 64 characters.
-
- Be wary of uppercase letters in local parts. Some mail
- programs (and users!) will incorrectly convert
- GGoodd@@hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill to ggoodd@@hheeaavveenn..aaff..mmiill.
-
- Be wary of the following characters:
-
- $&!#~`'^*|{}
-
- Some users will not know how to feed these characters
- safely to their mail programs.
-
- In domain names, stick to letters, digits, dash, and dot.
- One popular DNS resolver has, under the banner of secu-
- rity, recently begun destroying domain names that contain
- certain other characters, including underscore. Excep-
- tion: A dotted-decimal IP address in brackets, such as
- [[112277..00..00..11]], identifies a domain owned by whoever owns the
- host at that IP address, and can be used safely.
-
-
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- addresses(5) addresses(5)
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- In a domain name, do not use two consecutive dots, a dot
- at the beginning, or a dot at the end. This means that,
- when a domain name is broken down into components sepa-
- rated by dots, there are no empty components.
-
- Always use at least one dot in a domain name. If you own
- the mmiill domain, don't bother using the address rroooott@@mmiill;
- most users will be unable to send messages to that
- address. Same for the root domain.
-
- Avoid domain names longer than 64 characters.
-
- EENNCCOODDEEDD AADDDDRREESSSSEESS IINN SSMMTTPP CCOOMMMMAANNDDSS
- RFC 821 defines an encoding of mail addresses in SMTP.
- For example, the addresses
-
- God@heaven.af.mil
- a"quote@heaven.af.mil
- The Almighty.One@heaven.af.mil
-
- could be encoded in RCPT commands as
-
- RCPT TO:<God@heaven.af.mil>
- RCPT TO:<a\"quote@heaven.af.mil>
- RCPT TO:<The\ Almighty.One@heaven.af.mil>
-
- There are several restrictions in RFC 821 on the mail
- addresses that can be used over SMTP. Non-ASCII charac-
- ters are prohibited. The local part must not be empty.
- The domain part must be a sequence of elements separated
- by dots, where each element is either a component, a
- sequence of digits preceded by #, or a dotted-decimal IP
- address surrounded by brackets. The only allowable char-
- acters in components are letters, digits, and dashes.
- Every component must (believe it or not) have at least
- three characters; the first character must be a letter;
- the last character must not be a hyphen.
-
- EENNCCOODDEEDD AADDDDRREESSSSEESS IINN MMAAIILL HHEEAADDEERRSS
- RFC 822 defines an encoding of mail addresses in certain
- header fields in a mail message. For example, the
- addresses
-
- God@heaven.af.mil
- a"quote@heaven.af.mil
- The Almighty.One@heaven.af.mil
-
- could be encoded in a TToo field as
-
- To: God@heaven.af.mil,
- <@brl.mil:"a\"quote"@heaven.af.mil>,
- "The Almighty".One@heaven.af.mil
-
- or perhaps
-
-
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- addresses(5) addresses(5)
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- To: < "God"@heaven .af.mil>,
- "a\"quote" (Who?) @ heaven . af. mil
- , God<"The Almighty.One"@heaven.af.mil>
-
- There are several restrictions on the mail addresses that
- can be used in these header fields. Non-ASCII characters
- are prohibited. The domain part must be a sequence of
- elements separated by dots, where each element either (1)
- begins with [ and ends with ] or (2) is a nonempty string
- of printable ASCII characters not including any of
-
- \".<>()[],;:
-
- and not including space.
-
- SSEEEE AALLSSOO
- envelopes(5), qmail-header(5), qmail-inject(8), qmail-
- remote(8), qmail-smtpd(8)
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